(2006)  Page(s) 412.  
 
In the east, two groups of diploids were found: one consists of R. blanda and R. woodsii and the other of R. foliolosa, R. nitida, and R. palustris. Only eastern diploids are involved in the origins of the polyploids. Rosa arkansana is derived from the blanda–woodsii group, R. virginiana originated from the foliolosa–nitida–palustris group, and R. carolina is derived from a hybrid between the two diploid groups. The distinct origins of these polyploid taxa support the hypothesis that the three polyploids are separate species.....
....the tetraploid taxa R. arkansana Porter, R. carolina L., and R. virginiana Mill. are characterized by extensive continuous morphological variation that blurs their limits with each other and with their putative diploid ancestors in the R. carolina complex.
....Rosa carolina is different from R. arkansana in that all except two individuals investigated have alleles from both the blanda–woodsii and the foliolosa–nitida–palustris diploid groups. Given the wide geographic distribution of the individuals sampled, we can affirm that R. carolina is an allopolyploid with one parent from the blanda–woodsii diploid group and the other from the foliolosa–nitida–palustris group. The deviation from a 1:1 ratio of parental alleles expected for allopolyploids observed in some individuals is probably the result of either segregation of homologous chromosomes or introgression.